行(xing)車安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)離(li)不開道(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)標(biao)志標(biao)線。道(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)標(biao)志標(biao)線是(shi)由路(lu)面上的(de)(de)(de)各種線條(tiao)、箭頭、文字、立面標(biao)記、突起路(lu)標(biao)和輪(lun)廓(kuo)標(biao)等所構成的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)設施(shi)。它(ta)是(shi)公路(lu)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部分，是(shi)保證交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、提高道(dao)路(lu)服(fu)務質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)工程(cheng)設施(shi)之一。數字表明，道(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)標(biao)線與事(shi)故(gu)相關率(lv)達到70％，設置合理、性能優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路(lu)標(biao)線能提高30％的(de)(de)(de)運輸能力。

　　過(guo)去傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)道路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)標(biao)(biao)志標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是用熱熔的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)涂料來(lai)劃制。如今有一種更優秀的(de)(de)新型道路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)產品——道路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)預成(cheng)型標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)帶可以替代了。日前，由同濟大(da)學(xue)綜合交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)信息與控制工程系博士(shi)生(sheng)導師、副教授(shou)彭(peng)一川牽頭的(de)(de)《公路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)預成(cheng)型標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)用性能研(yan)究》課題(ti)，歷經八個月的(de)(de)工作和試驗，通(tong)過(guo)了專家(jia)評審。這個課題(ti)彌(mi)補了我國(guo)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)基(ji)礎設施(shi)中預成(cheng)型標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)膠帶領域的(de)(de)研(yan)究空白，為我國(guo)預成(cheng)型標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)膠帶在道路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)安全管理的(de)(de)研(yan)究工作奠定了基(ji)礎，以期(qi)為預成(cheng)型標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)工程實(shi)踐提供(gong)參考，減(jian)少或避免交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)事故的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)。

　　道路預成型(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)線(xian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)作為(wei)一種新型(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)線(xian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)，已在(zai)德國、法國、美國、日本等國家得(de)到廣(guang)泛使(shi)用。相比于標(biao)線(xian)涂料來說，預成型(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)線(xian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)在(zai)制作工藝(yi)、路用性能(neng)上(shang)取(qu)得(de)了較大進步(bu)。它不(bu)僅很好地改進了標(biao)線(xian)涂料本身存在(zai)的一些缺點，還發揮了更多優點，具有較好的應(ying)用前景(jing)。

　　此次(ci)彭教授課(ke)題組在預(yu)(yu)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)對(dui)比(bi)試驗(yan)中顯(xian)示(shi)，預(yu)(yu)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的視(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)明顯(xian)優于傳(chuan)統熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。白色(se)(se)(se)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)預(yu)(yu)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在白天有(you)較強太陽光照(zhao)射時(shi)的視(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)無顯(xian)著(zhu)差異，但是在夜間，預(yu)(yu)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的視(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)對(dui)比(bi)傳(chuan)統熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)均(jun)有(you)顯(xian)著(zhu)提(ti)高。因(yin)此，當周(zhou)圍(wei)環(huan)境背景光較弱或完(wan)全(quan)黑暗時(shi)，推薦使用預(yu)(yu)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，可以提(ti)升駕駛(shi)員的視(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，提(ti)高駕駛(shi)安(an)全(quan)度。在試驗(yan)所(suo)對(dui)比(bi)的不同(tong)類型(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中，白色(se)(se)(se)預(yu)(yu)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)最(zui)佳，相對(dui)于傳(chuan)統白色(se)(se)(se)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)提(ti)升最(zui)為(wei)顯(xian)著(zhu)，其(qi)次(ci)為(wei)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)預(yu)(yu)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、白色(se)(se)(se)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。

　　耐久性(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)比顯(xian)示預(yu)成型(xing)標(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)具有一定的耐久性(xing)(xing)。在(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)除涂(tu)改性(xing)(xing)的對(dui)(dui)比中，發現預(yu)成型(xing)標(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)帶采用底(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)專門(men)配(pei)備的壓(ya)敏膠粘劑與路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)進(jin)行粘接，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)除改標(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)時要(yao)做的工(gong)作只是破壞其底(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)壓(ya)敏膠粘接層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，不需要(yao)去處理(li)胎(tai)(tai)基層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，破壞了(le)粘接層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)后(hou)胎(tai)(tai)基層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)便可以(yi)很(hen)輕松地與路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)剝離(li)，且(qie)破壞后(hou)不會(hui)(hui)對(dui)(dui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)產生損(sun)壞也不會(hui)(hui)在(zai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)表層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)留下明顯(xian)的印(yin)痕。而涂(tu)料標(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)固化(hua)粘接于路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)之上，固化(hua)后(hou)主要(yao)由一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)涂(tu)料層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)組成，且(qie)固化(hua)后(hou)涂(tu)料硬化(hua)柔(rou)韌性(xing)(xing)很(hen)低(di)(di)，因此涂(tu)料標(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)除時必須將整(zheng)個涂(tu)料層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)破壞掉，使得標(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)剝離(li)，不僅施工(gong)效率低(di)(di)，還(huan)會(hui)(hui)帶來一定的局限性(xing)(xing)及(ji)負面(mian)(mian)影響。這說明預(yu)成型(xing)標(biao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)具有更加優良的清(qing)(qing)(qing)除涂(tu)改性(xing)(xing)。

　　據悉，目(mu)前我國熱(re)(re)熔(rong)型標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用量(liang)占標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)總(zong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)90％以(yi)上，而(er)國內道(dao)路標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)涂料(liao)中(zhong)存在較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)重金屬(shu)，包括(kuo)砷(shen)、鉻、鋅、鉛、磷(lin)、銅、汞(gong)、錳、鎳(nie)等重金屬(shu)，這些重金屬(shu)基本不可被分解(jie)和降解(jie)，并會殘留于環(huan)境中(zhong)。且施劃(hua)熱(re)(re)熔(rong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)也會產生大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二氧化(hua)碳(tan)。根據測算，每施劃(hua)1平方米(mi)熱(re)(re)熔(rong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)需要消耗液(ye)(ye)化(hua)石油氣(qi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)約(yue)0.6千(qian)(qian)克(ke)，假設每年需施劃(hua)熱(re)(re)熔(rong)型道(dao)路標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)面積為1307萬(wan)平方米(mi)，換算成標(biao)(biao)(biao)煤（1千(qian)(qian)克(ke)液(ye)(ye)化(hua)石油氣(qi)燃(ran)(ran)燒值(zhi)=1.72千(qian)(qian)克(ke)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準煤），每年施劃(hua)熱(re)(re)熔(rong)道(dao)路交通標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)需要消耗近1350萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)克(ke)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準煤，根據國家(jia)發改(gai)委的(de)(de)(de)(de)推薦值(zhi)，一噸標(biao)(biao)(biao)準煤能(neng)產生2.4567噸的(de)(de)(de)(de)二氧化(hua)碳(tan)排放(fang)，所(suo)以(yi)采用熱(re)(re)熔(rong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)時，需要向大氣(qi)中(zhong)排放(fang)33138噸二氧化(hua)碳(tan)。

　　熱熔標線的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程，還會(hui)消耗大量能量，包括熔料(liao)工(gong)序、施(shi)(shi)劃基準線前應(ying)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)劃標線區域路(lu)面的(de)清(qing)掃(sao)和干(gan)燥，以及標線的(de)施(shi)(shi)劃、清(qing)除涂改等(deng)對(dui)水資源、土壤、空氣(qi)會(hui)產(chan)生嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)環(huan)境污(wu)染(ran)，存在重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬、二氧化碳排放(fang)、粉塵及噪聲污(wu)染(ran)等(deng)多個方面的(de)環(huan)保問題(ti)。

　　而預成型(xing)(xing)標線帶主要使用(yong)橡膠(jiao)型(xing)(xing)壓(ya)敏(min)(min)膠(jiao)和樹脂型(xing)(xing)壓(ya)敏(min)(min)膠(jiao)，其中橡膠(jiao)型(xing)(xing)生(sheng)產大多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)熱熔型(xing)(xing)涂覆(fu)工(gong)藝(yi)，樹脂型(xing)(xing)一般采(cai)用(yong)溶(rong)劑或水(shui)(shui)性涂覆(fu)工(gong)藝(yi)。樹脂型(xing)(xing)壓(ya)敏(min)(min)膠(jiao)正在從溶(rong)劑向水(shui)(shui)性轉變，主要代表為丙烯酸酯壓(ya)敏(min)(min)膠(jiao)粘劑，具有初(chu)粘力大、透(tou)明度好、耐老化性能佳、粘合面廣、無(wu)(wu)毒不燃等優點且成本低、操作安全、無(wu)(wu)污染、屬(shu)水(shui)(shui)性環保產品。

　　另一方面(mian)(mian)，標(biao)線(xian)帶劃設于路(lu)面(mian)(mian)之上，不(bu)僅要經受日曬雨(yu)淋、風霜(shuang)雪凍，還要抵抗各種車輛荷載的(de)沖擊磨耗。因此，路(lu)面(mian)(mian)標(biao)線(xian)在復雜路(lu)面(mian)(mian)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下的(de)使用性能(neng)(neng)是一項(xiang)非常重要的(de)性能(neng)(neng)。課題組也(ye)對道(dao)路(lu)標(biao)線(xian)的(de)使用性能(neng)(neng)根據路(lu)面(mian)(mian)環境(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)以及受力條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)不(bu)同包括耐(nai)水性、耐(nai)堿(jian)性、耐(nai)磨性、抗滑性、粘結性、抗壓性、耐(nai)久性、清除涂(tu)改性等(deng)進行了(le)相關的(de)試驗和(he)對比。

　　實驗(yan)結果(guo)表明(ming)，預成型(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)能夠很好(hao)地滿足耐(nai)水性(xing)(xing)、耐(nai)堿性(xing)(xing)。在(zai)抗滑性(xing)(xing)方面較為突(tu)出(chu)。在(zai)耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)的(de)試驗(yan)中，通過在(zai)相同的(de)常溫(wen)環境溫(wen)度下，記錄預成型(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)和熱熔標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)在(zai)自動車轍試驗(yan)儀摩擦后的(de)重(zhong)量差別(bie)，發現(xian)預成型(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)膠帶不(bu)僅(jin)減重(zhong)數值(zhi)比熱熔標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)少25%，即預成型(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)能更好(hao)，而且預成型(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)也符(fu)合(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準規定——標(biao)(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)在(zai)新(xin)施劃后的(de)摩擦系數在(zai)0.6—0.8之間。

　　粘結性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)顯示，預成(cheng)型標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)具有較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)粘結性(xing)。在抗(kang)(kang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)中(zhong)，使用(yong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力試驗(yan)機進行測(ce)量，最終(zhong)得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)結果是白色預成(cheng)型標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)性(xing)為(wei)23.2MPa，黃色預成(cheng)型標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)性(xing)為(wei)23.6MPa，遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)于規(gui)范(fan)中(zhong)規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強(qiang)度標(biao)(biao)準≥12MPa，也同(tong)樣(yang)高(gao)(gao)于測(ce)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱熔(rong)標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)21MPa，即預成(cheng)型標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)抵抗(kang)(kang)車輛軸載(zai)對標(biao)(biao)線(xian)(xian)產(chan)生永久性(xing)變形的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力更強(qiang)。

　　另(ling)一(yi)大(da)(da)(da)優(you)點是，預(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)標(biao)線帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)是分開進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)，預(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)環(huan)(huan)(huan)節不(bu)需(xu)要在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)完成(cheng)(cheng)，且(qie)在(zai)鋪設(she)時(shi)不(bu)需(xu)要噴涂(tu)機(ji)械、熱(re)熔機(ji)械，地(di)面(mian)(mian)涂(tu)膠后直接(jie)可以粘貼。步驟簡單(dan)，人員(yuan)要求較少，且(qie)由于標(biao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊結(jie)構，在(zai)清除(chu)時(shi)完全可以使用手工(gong)或特殊工(gong)具進(jin)行拉扯剝離(li)，在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上減少施(shi)(shi)工(gong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)節產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)噪聲，而(er)且(qie)幾乎(hu)不(bu)會產生(sheng)額(e)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)粉塵。相比于其(qi)他類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)線，預(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)標(biao)線在(zai)鋪設(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)只需(xu)要通過粘接(jie)層在(zai)路面(mian)(mian)上提供必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)粘接(jie)力使其(qi)固定(ding)，并不(bu)會有加熱(re)、熔化的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)，這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方式幾乎(hu)避開了有害化合物的(de)(de)(de)(de)揮(hui)發和碳排放。正由于預(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)標(biao)線膠帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保性能大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)優(you)于熱(re)熔標(biao)線，從環(huan)(huan)(huan)保角(jiao)度(du)，專家(jia)建議大(da)(da)(da)力推進(jin)預(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)標(biao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪設(she)。